Bibliographic+reference

[] =the previous link includes references done in the format required for the assessment=

What is the difference between a reference, a citation and a bibliography? When you quote from something you have read, either directly (i.e. word for word) or indirectly (i.e. paraphrase/put it into your own words) you must show clearly it is not your work but someone else‟s. In Harvard Style, when you refer to someone else‟s work within the main text of your own work, you must put the author and year of publication in parentheses after your direct or indirect quote, e.g. (Molloy, 2010 p20); examples are given later in this handout. This is referencing or citing. A bibliography is a list of all the titles you read or referred to whilst compiling your assignment – see the note below! The bibliography goes at the end of your assignment. What is Harvard British Standard? =When we quote from an author in our writing we place his/her name in parentheses with the year of publication for Harvard British Standard style, e.g. (Molloy, 2010). In the bibliography however, the author's name is in capitals (though it is not when quoting in the text!) and the title of a book or journal in italics (a journal article is not in italics). In the examples in this handout the year has been placed in parentheses.= Do I put in my bibliography everything I have read? Usually your bibliography should be presented as one single list which combines References (works to which you have referred within your text) and Bibliography (list of works read but not cited) and this is the case for PGDE and BEd students. However others may prefer you to simply list only the works to which you have referred in your text – so you would not include anything you read but did not make reference to either directly or indirectly. How do I lay out the bibliography? Place everything A to Z by author (and if you have websites with no authors, you reference them within the text by title (see page 3 of this handout for an example) and put them in your bibliography alphabetically by title (but with author as Anon). Do I then need to separate out by article, book, webpage, report etc.? No! It makes it much harder for anyone reading your work to find the relevant reference if you do this. If in your writing you have referenced (Kyriacou, 1997 p45) how does any reader know from that if it is a book, article, report etc.? So place all items regardless of format A-Z by author (see above). CITING A REFERENCE WITHIN YOUR ESSAY The instructions below refer to citing from a book, a journal article, a report, a website and so on though the examples given are from books. Indirect quotations If you decide to indirectly refer to an author within your essay there are two ways you can do this. For example: The author‟s name can be included within the sentence: 'It has been said by Schon (1991) that professionals are beginning to experience a crisis in confidence.' or it can be put in parentheses: 'Teachers should be aware of the context of their class and what outcomes they wish to achieve' (Kyriacou, 1997). 3  NOTE: the year of publication is always referred to along with the author's name. Both of these combined will allow anyone reading your work to refer to your bibliography and find the complete details of the relevant reference. Remember every published item referred to in your text should be listed in the bibliography at the end of the assignment. Examples are given later in this guide. Direct quotations Although you should do it sparingly, you can quote directly from an author within your text. In other words take exactly word for word what s/he said in their text and put it into yours. You must quote as you do with an indirect quote but in addition add the page number the exact quote came from: "Young learners learn the functions of negation very early. However, it takes some time before they learn the grammar rules which enable them to express the variety of negative functions" (Siraj-Blatchford and Clarke, 2000, p.55). You will notice in the above reference there are two authors. If there are more than two you will name them all individually in your bibliography (see later for examples) but within the text you will name two authors followed by et al. e.g. (Joyce, Calhoun, et al., 2002) Directly or indirectly citing from a website To quote directly or indirectly from a website you follow the previous instructions for a book, journal article etc. A common issue with quoting websites is that there is often no author or date. If that is the case you should quote the title of the website and year, or say undated. So in the example given in this handout under „writing your bibliography‟ number 12 – „referencing a website‟, if we didn‟t know the author was the BBC we would refer to it in our essay as: …the centurion lay down his arms and told his men to do the same. (The Romans website, undated) With direct quotes you should put the paragraph number as there will be no page number: “Soldiers had to stay in the army for at least 25 years!” (The Romans website, undated, para. 2) There are no hard and fast rules, so as long as you are consistent and follow the general Harvard rules, your bibliography and references will be fine. Secondary referencing - citing work referred to by another author It may be the case that you refer to work that has been cited by another author. In other words you may read in Janet Moyle's The Excellence of Play (1994) that she has quoted Hale-Benson (1982) but you have not read that work. You should quote as follows: Moyles (1994) cites the work of Hale-Benson (1982) where he has stated… or, Hale-Benson (1982, cited by Moyles 1994) stated that… or, Moyles (1994, citing Hale-Benson 1982) states that… You will then put the Janet Moyles book in your bibliography as you have read and referred to that, but not the Hale-Benson as you have not read it. WRITING YOUR BIBLIOGRAPHY Do I need to say I read an electronic version? There is currently some debate as to whether you need to show the journal article or report you have read came from an electronic version by giving the URL and date accessed details. As a rule, unless told otherwise, journal articles and reports can be referenced as if you had read them in paper, even if you did access them electronically. Items such as conference proceedings/papers should have the URL (web address) added if they have been accessed online. =AUTHOR‟S SURNAME, INITIALS, (Year of publication). Title of book (in italics). Edition, if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.=

Smith, M. K. (2001) 'Donald Schön: learning, reflection and change', //the encyclopedia of informal education//, [|www.infed.org/thinkers/et-schon.htm]

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MOON, J, (1999) //Reflection in learning and professional development: theory and practice // :  Routledge BLOOM B S (ed.) (1956) //Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, the classification of educational goals – Handbook I: Cognitive Domain// New York: McKay [] ATHERTON J S (2010) //Learning and Teaching; Bloom's taxonomy// [On-line] UK: Available:__http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/bloomtax.htm__ Accessed: 30 October 2010

The ‘Ripples Model’ underpins much of the 2nd edition of ‘Making Learning Happen’

PHIL RACE (2010) //Making Learning Happen,// Sage, London  //6.// Mezirow JA.Fostering Critical Reflection in Adulthood: A Guide to Transformative and Emancipatory Learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers; 1990.

= **Teaching young adults: a handbook for teachers in post-compulsory education** =  By Joe Harkin, Gill Turner, Trevor Dawn) 2000 []

Copy / Paste (Peter Pappas) / CC BY-NC 3.0
 * < Title ||< Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development ||
 * < Author ||< __ [|David A. Kolb] __ ||
 * < Edition ||< illustrated ||
 * < Publisher ||< Prentice-Hall, 1984 ||
 * < Original from ||< the University of Michigan ||
 * < Digitized ||< Feb 2, 2010 ||

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Jackson, C. J. (2009). Using the hybrid model of learning in personality to predict performance in the workplace. 8 th IOP Conference, Conference Proceedings, Manly, Sydney, Australia, 2528 June, 2009 pp 7579.

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